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Cardiovascular
disorders are currently the leading cause of mortality worldwide.
Maintenance of a healthy cardiovascular system is pivotal to longevity
in addition to keeping a healthy mind and body. Cordis by Animis is the
most potent cardiovascular support formula currently available on the
market. With
the utilization of a synergistic blend of natural herbs formulated in
Cordis, each ingredient potentiates the pharmacokinetic effects of the
other. Making the therapeutic effect of the formula more potent than
that obtained from any individual compound.
Users of this powerful formula will experience a reduction in blood
pressure, lipids, plaque buildup, and improved liver function.
Salviae Miltiorrhizae
Elevated
levels of cholesterol and blood pressure are two major contributors of
atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease [01]. Salviae Miltiorrhizae
has been used in traditional chinese medicine, for more than a
millennium, for the treatment of blood disorders. Major components of
salviae miltiorrhizae, include salvianolic acid & tanshinoate.
Salvianolic acid B and Tanshinoate II are considered the two active
component known for the management of circulatory disorders [02][03].
Salviae Miltiorrhizae extract has been shown to increase the export of
total cholesterol and bile acid in the liver, while reducing
LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol in humans [04][05].
Tanshinoate IIA is one of the many active components responsible for
lowering LDL, threw its ability to inhibit LDL oxidation [06][07][08].
Tanshinoate also acts to upregulate superoxide dismutase activity and
eNOS phosphorylation, making it a powerful antioxidant and increaser of
NO production [09][10]. Tanshinone IIA is a potent cardioprotective
compound, that is able to regulate various transcription factors, ion
channels, kinases, growth factor, inflammatory mediators, and more [11].
Acting to limit hypertrophy, improve heart function and strength by
decreasing oxidative stress [12][14][13][15].
Salvianolic
acid B protective therapeutic effects are due to its ability to act as a
potent antioxidant/reactive oxygen species, anti-fibrotic agent, and an
inhibitor of inflammation. Additionally, Salvianolic acid B is able to
act as inhibitor of ACE, reducing the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II and lowering blood pressure [16]. Tanshinoate IIA like
Salvianolic acid B is able to indirectly reduce the production of
angiotensin II. In addition Tanshinoate IIA is able to reduce the
accumulation of cholesterol by macrophages, vary smooth muscle migration
and proliferation. As well as reduce the ratio of thromboxane b2 to
6-keto prostaglandin f1α, leading to an improvement in our blood
coagulation system [17]. As a side note Tanshinoate IIA has also been
found to act as a powerful anti-cancer by its ability to trigger
apoptosis through P53 activation among other mechanisms [18][19].
Additionally it has been shown to improve renal dysfunction by its
interaction with angiotensin II, transforming growth factor β1 and
collagen IV, as well as inducing apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells,
reducing the effects of liver fibrosis, in rats [20][21]. Overall
Tanshinone II is seen to be a very potent natural cardioprotective with
its ability to dilate coronary arteries, lower blood pressure and
lipids, protect from ischemic injury, act as a anti-inflammatory,
antiplatelet, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, anticoagulant, and reverse
myocardial hypertrophy [22][23][24][25][26].
Panax notoginseng
Ginseng
is widely known for it restorative and healing properties. Panax
Notoginseng has specifically been shown to have protective effects
against cardiovascular disease, liver fibrosis and hepatotoxicity
[27][28][29]. Primarily through the effects of its various constituents
that have been shown to provide antioxidation, decreased platelet
adhesion, vasomotor control and improved lipid profiles. Additionally it
has been shown to enhance physical performance during endurance
activity in humans [30]. This is primarily due to high levels of radical
scavenging antioxidants and saponins that exhibit anti-inflammatory,
vasodilating, anti-fatigue and the ability to act as a central nervous
system stimulant [31][32]. Panax notoginseng may also be able to provide
cardiovascular protection through various pharmacological mechanisms
that improve microcirculation, regulate lipids, reducing arrhythmia, and
has been shown to normalize blood pressure by restoring it to normal
levels in individuals with both high and low blood pressure
[33][34][35]. It has also shown to act as an antioxidant against
atherogenesis [36]. For spanions of Panax Notoginseng have been found to
have antihyperlipidemic and atherosclerotic effects [37][38][39][40].
These atherosclerotic effects are especially prominent when used in
conjunction with Salvia Miltiorrhiza [41]. Additionally It has also been
shown to be beneficial in protecting against tissue damage, have
antihypertensive effects and may be a novel therapy for heart failure,
as well as acting as a powerful antioxidant by its ability to
significantly increase both superoxide dismutase and glutathione
peroxidase activity [43][44][45][46]. By protecting cardiac muscle from
ischemic and reperfusion injuries [47]. Research has also shown
notoginseng to inhibit platelet aggregation and have preventive effects
for thrombosis in vivo [48][49][50].
Pueraria Lobata
Pueraria
Lobata has been used in conjunction with Salviae miltiorrhizae
traditionally. Studies have shown that the two herbs work
synergistically and additively, leading to improved vascular function in
coronary patients [51][52][53]. Studies have demonstrated it to have
anti-hypertension, anti-thrombosis, cholesterol lowering effects, and
when used in conjunction with Salvia Miltiorrhiza is able to lower
low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels in human subjects
[54][55][56][57][58]. Additionally, Puerinin has been shown to have
protective effects against liver fibrosis, providing reduced oxidation,
inflammation, of the liver, as well as protective effects against liver
fibrosis and blood pressure [59][60][61][62].
Natural Borneol
Natural
Borneol is utilized to increase the pharmacokinetic effects of the
formula, particullary offering a significant 1.3-1.6 fold increase in
effects of the saponins of notoginseng, as well as increasing the
intestinal absorption and effects of the constituents of Salvia
Miltiorrhiza [63][64][65]. In addition it helps improve oral
bioavailability for the entire herbal formula [66].
[01] Beckerman, J. (2014, May 26).
Atherosclerosis: Causes, Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment - WebMD.
Retrieved November 19, 2014, from http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/w...therosclerosis
[02] Lam, F.F., Yeung, J.H., Kwan, Y.W., Chan, K.M., Or, P.M., 2006.
Salvianolic acid B, an aqueous component of danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), relaxes rat coronary
artery by inhibition of calcium channels.
European Journal of Pharmacology 553, 240–245.
[03] Chan, P., Liu, I.M., Li, Y.X., Yu, W.J., Cheng, J.T., 2009.
Antihypertension
induced by tanshinone IIA isolated from the roots of Salvia
miltiorrhiza. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
[04] Zuchang Li, Ling Zhu, Bin Huang.
Effects of purified herbal extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients.
March 2009 Vol 6 No 2 99
[05] Ji W, Gong BQ.
Hypolipidemic activity and mechanism of purified herbal extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza in hyperlipidemic rats.
J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 119:291-8.
[06] Liu YL, Liu GT.
Inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein oxidation by salvianolic acid-A.
Yao Xue Xue Bao(Acta pharom) 2002;37:81-5. (in Chinese).
[07] Lynn EG, Vazhappilly R, Au-Yeung KK, et al.
Magnesium tanshinoate B (MTB) inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation.
Life Sci 2001;68:903-12.
[08] Niu XL, Ichimori K, Yang X, Hirota Y, Hoshiai K, Li M, Nakazawa H
Tanshinone II-A inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro.
Free Radic Res. 2000 Sep;33(3):305-12.
[09] Hui Pang mail, Bing Han, Tao Yu, Zhen Peng
The Complex Regulation of Tanshinone IIA in Rats with Hypertension-Induced Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Published: March 19, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092216
[10] Huang, K.J., H. Wang, W.Z. Xie and H.S. Zhang.
Investigation
of the effect of tanshinone IIA on nitric oxide production in human
vascular endothelial cells by fluorescence imaging.
Spectrochim. Acta A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 68:1180-1186, 2007.
[11] Xu S, Liu P (2013)
Tanshinone IIA: new perspectives for old remedies.
Expert Opin Ther Pat 23: 149–153 doi:10.1517/13543776.2013.743995. PubMed: 23231009.
[12] Yang P, Jia YH, Li J, Li LJ, Zhou FH (2010)
Study of anti-myocardial cell oxidative stress action and effect of tanshinone IIA on prohibitin expression.
J Tradit Chin Med 30: 259–264. PubMed: 21287782.
[13] Chan P, Liu JC, Lin LJ, Chen PY, Cheng TH, et al. (2011)
Tanshinone
IIA Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Cell Proliferation in Rat Cardiac
Fibroblasts. Am J Chin Med 39: 381–394 doi:10.1142/S0192415X11008890.
PubMed: 21476213.
[14] Zhang Y, Zhang L, Chu W, Wang B, Zhang J, et al. (2010)
Tanshinone IIA Inhibits miR-1 Expression through p38 MAPK Signal Pathway in Post-infarction Rat Cardiomyocytes.
Cell Physiol Biochem 26: 991–998 doi:10.1159/000324012. PubMed: 21220930.
[15] Tan X, Li J, Wang X, Chen N, Cai B et al.. (2011)
Tanshinone
IIA Protects Against Cardiac Hypertrophy via Inhibiting
Cal-cineurin/Nfatc3 Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 7: 383–389. PubMed:
21494433.
[16] ]D.G. Kang, H. Oh, H.T. Chung, H.S. Lee
Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by lithospermic acid B isolated from radix Salviae miltiorrhiza bunge
Phytother Res, 17 (8) (2003), pp. 917–920
[17] Journal of Geriatric Cardiology March 2009 Vol 6 No 2
[18] Z. Zhang, et al.
Tanshinone IIA triggers p53 responses and apoptosis by RNA polymerase II upon DNA minor groove binding
Biochem. Pharmacol., 78 (2009), pp. 1316–1322
[19]Yong Zhang 1, Peixin Jiang 1, Min Ye 2, Sung-Hoon Kim 3, Cheng Jiang 1,* and Junxuan Lü
Tanshinones: Sources, Pharmacokinetics and Anti-Cancer Activities
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 13621-13666;
[20] Y.M. Ahn, S.K. Kim, S.H. Lee, S.Y. Ahn, S.W. Kang, J.H. Chung, S.D. Kim, B.C. Lee
Renoprotective effect of Tanshinone IIA an active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza, on rats with chronic kidney disease
Phytother. Res., 24 (2010), pp. 1886–1892
[21] X.H. Che, E.J. Park, Y.Z. Zhao, W.H. Kim, D.H. Sohn
Tanshinone II A induces apoptosis and S phase cell cycle arrest in activated rat hepatic stellate cells
Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 106 (2010), pp. 30–37
[22] M. T. Zhang, Y. H. Qian, and A. Q. Tang,
“Research progress of pharmacologic actions of Tanshinone II A,”
Medical Recapitulate, vol. 16, no. 17, pp. 2661–2664, 2010.
[23] Q. Shang, H. Xu, and L. Huang,
“Tanshinone IIA: a promising natural cardioprotective agent,”
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID 716459, 7 pages, 2012.View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
[24] Z. Yang and M. Qiu,
“Cardiovascular effects of tanshinone II A and its mechanism research progress,”
Chinese Journal of Arteriosclerosis, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 372–374, 2011.
[25] X. H. Chen,
“Clinical analysis of tan II A on the cardiovascular effects,”
Medical Information, vol. 24, no. 7, p. 4207, 2011.
[26] H. L. Chen,
“Research progress of Sodium Tanshinon II A sulfonate injection in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,”
Guide of China Medicine, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 459–461, 2013.
[27]W.H. Park, S.K. Lee, C.H. Kim
A Korean herbal medicine, Panax notoginseng, prevents liver fibrosis and hepatic microvascular dysfunction in rats
Life Science, 76 (2005), pp. 1675–1690
[28] C.F. Lin, K.L. Wang, R.S.C. Wu, T.C. Huang, C.F. Liu
Protection by hot water extract of Panax notoginseng on chronic ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity
Phytotherapy Research, 17 (2003), pp. 1119–1122
[29] L.X. Li, Z.C. Wang, Z.H. Huang, Y.M. Zhang, J.X. Wei
Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on acute cerebral ischemia
Chinese Pharamcology Bulletin, 7 (1991), pp. 56–59
[30] Liang MT1, Podolka TD, Chuang WJ.
Panax notoginseng supplementation enhances physical performance during endurance exercise.
J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Feb;19(1):108-14.
[31] Chang Ho Lee , Jong-Hoon Kim
A review on the medicinal potentials of ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular diseases
J Ginseng Res 38 (2014) 161e166
[32] Q.F. Xu, X.L. Fang, D.F. Chen
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 from Panax notoginseng in rats
J. Ethnopharmacol., 84 (2003), pp. 187–192
[33] Jeon BH, Kim CS, Park KS, Lee JW, Park JB, Kim KJ, Kim SH, Chang SJ, Nam KY.
Effect of Korea red ginseng on the blood pressure in conscious hypertensive rats.
Gen Pharmacol 2000;35:135e41.
[34] Shin W, Yoon J, Oh GT, Ryoo S.
Korean
red ginseng inhibits arginase and contributes to endothelium-dependent
vasorelaxation through endothelial nitric oxide synthase coupling.
J Ginseng Res 2013;37:64e73.
[35] M. Yan,
Report of isosorbide 5-mononitrate and panax notoginseng for angina pectoris
Gansu Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 28, 2005.
[36] P. Chan, G. N. Thomas, and B. Tomlinson
Protective effects of trilinolein extracted from Panax notoginseng against cardiovascular disease
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1157–1162, 2002
[37] Zhang YG, Zhang HG, Zhang GY, Fan JS, Li XH, Liu YH, Li SH, Lian XM, Tang Z.
Panax notoginseng saponins attenuate atherosclerosis in rats by regulating the
blood lipid profile and an anti-inflammatory action.
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008;35:1238e44.
[38] Liu G, Wang B, Zhang J, Jiang H, Liu F.
Total
Panax notoginsenosides prevent atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein
E-knockout mice: role of downregulation of CD40 and MMP-9 expression.
J Ethnopharmacol 2009;126:350e4.
[39] Jia Y, Li ZY, Zhang HG, Li HB, Liu Y, Li XH.
Panax notoginseng saponins decrease cholesterol ester via up-regulating ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in foam cells.
J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:297e302.
[40] Kwak YS, Kyung JS, Kim JS, Cho JY, Rhee MH.
Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng.
Biol Pharm Bull 2010;33:468e72.
[41] Baek EB, Yoo HY, Park SJ, Chung YS, Hong EK, Kim SJ.
Inhibition
of arterial myogenic responses by a mixed aqueous extract of salvia
miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng (PASEL) showing antihypertensive
effects.
Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2009;13:287-293.
[43] Li J, Ichikawa T, Jin Y, Hofseth LJ, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, Windust A, Cui T.
An essential role of Nrf2 in American ginseng-mediated anti-oxidative actions
in cardiomyocytes.
J Ethnopharmacol 2010;130:222e30.
[44] Sohn SH, Kim SK, Kim YO, Kim HD, Shin YS, Yang SO, Kim SY, Lee SW.
A comparison of antioxidant activity of Korean White and Red Ginsengs on
H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 hepatoma cells.
J Ginseng Res 2013;37:442e50.
[45] Vuksan V, Stavro M, Woo M, Leiter LA, Sung MK, Sievenpiper JL.
Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) can lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension:
a randomized controlled trial.
In: Proceedings of the 9th
[46] Wagner HN, Liu X.
The international textbook of cardiology.
New York: Pergamon Press; 1987.
[47] Kim TH, Lee SM.
The effects of ginseng total saponin, panaxadiol and panaxatriol on ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart.
Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:1516e20.
[48] Tamura Y.
Effects of Korean red ginseng on eicosanoid biosynthesis in platelets
and vascular smooth muscle cells.
In: Proceedings of the 6th International Ginseng Symposium. Seoul: Korean Society of Ginseng; 1993. p. 28–9.
[49] Dong-Ha Lee DH, Cho HJ, Kim HH, Rhee MH, Ryu JH, Park JH.
Inhibitory
effects of total saponin from Korean red ginseng via
vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein-Ser157 phosphorylation on
thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.
J Ginseng Res 2013;37:176e86.
[50] Jin YR, Yu JY, Lee JJ, You SH, Chung JH, Noh JY, Im JH, Han XH, Kim TJ, Shin KS,
et al.
Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of Korean red ginseng extract.
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;100:170e5.
[51] Tam, W.Y., Chook, P., Qiao, M., Chan, L.T., Chan, T.Y., Poon, Y.K., Fung, K.P., Leung,
P.C., Woo, K.S., 2009.
The efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive alternative herbal
medicine (Salvia miltiorrhiza and Pueraria lobata) on vascular function and structure
in coronary patients.
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 15, 415–421.
[52] David Wing-Shing Cheung, Chi-ManKoon, Chun-Fai Ng, Ping-Chung Leung,
Kwok-Pui Fung, SimonKar-SingPoon, ClaraBik-SanLau,
The roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) and Pueraria lobata (Gegen) inhibit
atherogenic events:
A study of the combination effects of the 2-herb formula Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143(2012)859–866
[53] Xia Wang, Xue Xu, Weiyang Tao, Yan Li, Yonghua Wang, and Ling Yang
A Systems Biology Approach to Uncovering Pharmacological Synergy in Herbal Medicines with
Applications to Cardiovascular Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2012, Article ID 519031, 15 pages doi:10.1155/2012/519031
[54] Kwok T, Leung PC, Lam C, Ho S, Wong CK, Cheng KF, Chook P.
A
randomized placebo controlled trial of an innovative herbal formula in
the prevention of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with
borderline hypercholesterolemia.
Complement Ther Med. 2014 Jun; 22(3):473-80. Epub 2014 Apr 6.
[55] Sun, X.H., Ding, J.P., Li, H., Pan, N., Gan, L., Yang, X.L., Xu, H.B., 2007.
Activation
of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels by puerarin:
the underlying mechanism of puerarin-mediated vasodilation.
Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics 323, 391–397.
[56] Choo, M.K., Park, E.K., Yoon, H.K., Kim, D.H., 2002.
Antithrombotic
and antiallergic activities of daidzein, a metabolite of puerarin and
daidzin produced by human intestinal microflora.
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 25, 1328–1332.
[57] Yan, L.P., Chan, S.W., Chan, A.S., Chen, S.L., Ma, X.J., Xu, H.X., 2006.
Puerarin decreases serum total cholesterol and enhances thoracic aorta endothelial nitric oxide
synthase expression in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats.
Life Sciences 79, 324–330.
[58] Sieveking, Daniel P. ; Woo, Kam-Sang ; Fung, Kwok P. ; Lundman, Pia ; Nakhla, Shirley ; Celermajer, David S.
Chinese herbs Danshen and Gegen modulate key early atherogenic events in vitro
International Journal of Cardiology, 2005, Vol.105(1), pp.40-45
[59] Song, X.P., Chen, P.P., Chai, X.S., Zhongguo Yao Li Xue
Effects of puerarin on blood pressure and
plasma renin activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Bao 9, 55–58. 1988.
[60] Peng J, et al.
Puerarin
Ameliorates Experimental Alcoholic Liver Injury by Inhibition of
Endotoxin Gut-leakage, kupffer Cell Activation and Lipopolysaccharide
Receptors Expression.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (2012)
[61] Zhang S, Ji G, Liu J.
Reversal of chemical-induced liver fibrosis in Wistar rats by puerarin.
J Nutr Biochem. (2006)
[62] Li R, et al.
Puerarin
mediates hepatoprotection against CCl(4)-induced hepatic fibrosis rats
through attenuation of inflammation response and amelioration of
metabolic function.
Food Chem Toxicol. (2013)
[63] SH Yang, K Zhang, X Lin, .
Pharmacokinetic
comparisons of single herb extract of Fufang Danshen preparation with
different combinations of its constituent herbs in rats.Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical. Analysis Volumes 67–68, August–September
2012, Pages 77–85
[64] Lai XJ1, Zhang L, Li JS, Liu HQ, Liu XH, Di LQ, Cai BC, Chen LH.
Comparative
pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of three salvianolic acids
after the administration of Salviae miltiorrhizae alone or with
synthetical borneol in rats.
Fitoterapia. 2011 Sep;82(6):883-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.04.015. Epub 2011 May 4.
[65] Ren-Zhong W1, Yan-Yan X, Yan-Ping L, Mao-Jin Z, Chang-Xiao L.
Enhancing effects of different dosages of borneol on pharmacokinetics of salvanic acid B after oral administration to rats.
J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2012;14(6):538-44. doi: 10.1080/10286020.2012.680439.
[66] J.P. Dai, J. Chen, Y.F. Bei, B.X. Han, S. Wang
Influence of borneol on primary mice oral fibroblasts: a penetration enhancer may be used in oral submucous fibrosis.
J. Oral. Pathol. Med., 38 (2009), pp. 276–281
disorders are currently the leading cause of mortality worldwide.
Maintenance of a healthy cardiovascular system is pivotal to longevity
in addition to keeping a healthy mind and body. Cordis by Animis is the
most potent cardiovascular support formula currently available on the
market. With
the utilization of a synergistic blend of natural herbs formulated in
Cordis, each ingredient potentiates the pharmacokinetic effects of the
other. Making the therapeutic effect of the formula more potent than
that obtained from any individual compound.
Users of this powerful formula will experience a reduction in blood
pressure, lipids, plaque buildup, and improved liver function.
Salviae Miltiorrhizae
Elevated
levels of cholesterol and blood pressure are two major contributors of
atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease [01]. Salviae Miltiorrhizae
has been used in traditional chinese medicine, for more than a
millennium, for the treatment of blood disorders. Major components of
salviae miltiorrhizae, include salvianolic acid & tanshinoate.
Salvianolic acid B and Tanshinoate II are considered the two active
component known for the management of circulatory disorders [02][03].
Salviae Miltiorrhizae extract has been shown to increase the export of
total cholesterol and bile acid in the liver, while reducing
LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol in humans [04][05].
Tanshinoate IIA is one of the many active components responsible for
lowering LDL, threw its ability to inhibit LDL oxidation [06][07][08].
Tanshinoate also acts to upregulate superoxide dismutase activity and
eNOS phosphorylation, making it a powerful antioxidant and increaser of
NO production [09][10]. Tanshinone IIA is a potent cardioprotective
compound, that is able to regulate various transcription factors, ion
channels, kinases, growth factor, inflammatory mediators, and more [11].
Acting to limit hypertrophy, improve heart function and strength by
decreasing oxidative stress [12][14][13][15].
Salvianolic
acid B protective therapeutic effects are due to its ability to act as a
potent antioxidant/reactive oxygen species, anti-fibrotic agent, and an
inhibitor of inflammation. Additionally, Salvianolic acid B is able to
act as inhibitor of ACE, reducing the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II and lowering blood pressure [16]. Tanshinoate IIA like
Salvianolic acid B is able to indirectly reduce the production of
angiotensin II. In addition Tanshinoate IIA is able to reduce the
accumulation of cholesterol by macrophages, vary smooth muscle migration
and proliferation. As well as reduce the ratio of thromboxane b2 to
6-keto prostaglandin f1α, leading to an improvement in our blood
coagulation system [17]. As a side note Tanshinoate IIA has also been
found to act as a powerful anti-cancer by its ability to trigger
apoptosis through P53 activation among other mechanisms [18][19].
Additionally it has been shown to improve renal dysfunction by its
interaction with angiotensin II, transforming growth factor β1 and
collagen IV, as well as inducing apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells,
reducing the effects of liver fibrosis, in rats [20][21]. Overall
Tanshinone II is seen to be a very potent natural cardioprotective with
its ability to dilate coronary arteries, lower blood pressure and
lipids, protect from ischemic injury, act as a anti-inflammatory,
antiplatelet, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, anticoagulant, and reverse
myocardial hypertrophy [22][23][24][25][26].
Panax notoginseng
Ginseng
is widely known for it restorative and healing properties. Panax
Notoginseng has specifically been shown to have protective effects
against cardiovascular disease, liver fibrosis and hepatotoxicity
[27][28][29]. Primarily through the effects of its various constituents
that have been shown to provide antioxidation, decreased platelet
adhesion, vasomotor control and improved lipid profiles. Additionally it
has been shown to enhance physical performance during endurance
activity in humans [30]. This is primarily due to high levels of radical
scavenging antioxidants and saponins that exhibit anti-inflammatory,
vasodilating, anti-fatigue and the ability to act as a central nervous
system stimulant [31][32]. Panax notoginseng may also be able to provide
cardiovascular protection through various pharmacological mechanisms
that improve microcirculation, regulate lipids, reducing arrhythmia, and
has been shown to normalize blood pressure by restoring it to normal
levels in individuals with both high and low blood pressure
[33][34][35]. It has also shown to act as an antioxidant against
atherogenesis [36]. For spanions of Panax Notoginseng have been found to
have antihyperlipidemic and atherosclerotic effects [37][38][39][40].
These atherosclerotic effects are especially prominent when used in
conjunction with Salvia Miltiorrhiza [41]. Additionally It has also been
shown to be beneficial in protecting against tissue damage, have
antihypertensive effects and may be a novel therapy for heart failure,
as well as acting as a powerful antioxidant by its ability to
significantly increase both superoxide dismutase and glutathione
peroxidase activity [43][44][45][46]. By protecting cardiac muscle from
ischemic and reperfusion injuries [47]. Research has also shown
notoginseng to inhibit platelet aggregation and have preventive effects
for thrombosis in vivo [48][49][50].
Pueraria Lobata
Pueraria
Lobata has been used in conjunction with Salviae miltiorrhizae
traditionally. Studies have shown that the two herbs work
synergistically and additively, leading to improved vascular function in
coronary patients [51][52][53]. Studies have demonstrated it to have
anti-hypertension, anti-thrombosis, cholesterol lowering effects, and
when used in conjunction with Salvia Miltiorrhiza is able to lower
low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels in human subjects
[54][55][56][57][58]. Additionally, Puerinin has been shown to have
protective effects against liver fibrosis, providing reduced oxidation,
inflammation, of the liver, as well as protective effects against liver
fibrosis and blood pressure [59][60][61][62].
Natural Borneol
Natural
Borneol is utilized to increase the pharmacokinetic effects of the
formula, particullary offering a significant 1.3-1.6 fold increase in
effects of the saponins of notoginseng, as well as increasing the
intestinal absorption and effects of the constituents of Salvia
Miltiorrhiza [63][64][65]. In addition it helps improve oral
bioavailability for the entire herbal formula [66].
[01] Beckerman, J. (2014, May 26).
Atherosclerosis: Causes, Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment - WebMD.
Retrieved November 19, 2014, from http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/w...therosclerosis
[02] Lam, F.F., Yeung, J.H., Kwan, Y.W., Chan, K.M., Or, P.M., 2006.
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