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Cigarette Smoking and its Implication as Anti-Estrogenic: Insight into Hormone Regulation and Balance
Author: PRION
PLEASE LOOK AT THIS ARTICLE IT IS AMAZING:
http://www.eje-online.org/cgi/content/full/152/4/491
Studies have recently shown that cigarette smoking may be linked to an actual decrease in the risk of not only endometrial cancers (i.e. leiomyomas) but in breast cancer as well. There are many ideas that have been implied as to why this actually occurs. One interesting interaction that has been noted is that female smokers between the ages of 60-79 show an increase of sex binding hormone globulin. This in turn causes a decrease in the amount of estrogen that is biologically available. It has been shown that it may increase the levels of certain androgens, such as androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate as well. On a side note, one study showed that it might not actually be the lower levels of estrogens but the actual effects of the increase in androgens. Now for the bad news, in females this lower estrogen and increased sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) correlates to an increased risk of bone loss. Moreover, in males it relates to not only a decrease in sperm motility but an increase in sperm morbidity as well.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------References
Association of body mass index, age, and cigarette smoking with serum testosterone levels in cycling women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, Volume 83, Issue 2, Pages 302-308 R. Barbieri, P. Sluss, R. Powers, P. McShane, A. Vitonis, E. Ginsburg, D. Cramer
Kapoor, D, Jones, T H (2005). Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders. Eur J Endocrinol 152: 491-499
Cigarette smoking, steroid hormones, and bone mineral density in young women Mark Daniel1, Alan D. Martin2 and Donald T. Drinkwater3
Author: PRION
PLEASE LOOK AT THIS ARTICLE IT IS AMAZING:
http://www.eje-online.org/cgi/content/full/152/4/491
Studies have recently shown that cigarette smoking may be linked to an actual decrease in the risk of not only endometrial cancers (i.e. leiomyomas) but in breast cancer as well. There are many ideas that have been implied as to why this actually occurs. One interesting interaction that has been noted is that female smokers between the ages of 60-79 show an increase of sex binding hormone globulin. This in turn causes a decrease in the amount of estrogen that is biologically available. It has been shown that it may increase the levels of certain androgens, such as androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate as well. On a side note, one study showed that it might not actually be the lower levels of estrogens but the actual effects of the increase in androgens. Now for the bad news, in females this lower estrogen and increased sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) correlates to an increased risk of bone loss. Moreover, in males it relates to not only a decrease in sperm motility but an increase in sperm morbidity as well.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------References
Association of body mass index, age, and cigarette smoking with serum testosterone levels in cycling women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, Volume 83, Issue 2, Pages 302-308 R. Barbieri, P. Sluss, R. Powers, P. McShane, A. Vitonis, E. Ginsburg, D. Cramer
Kapoor, D, Jones, T H (2005). Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders. Eur J Endocrinol 152: 491-499
Cigarette smoking, steroid hormones, and bone mineral density in young women Mark Daniel1, Alan D. Martin2 and Donald T. Drinkwater3
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